L’activité des femmes dans lea pays en développement
Déterminants et impact sur la croissance.
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.23882/emss25158Mots-clés :
L’activité des femmes, Croissance, PED, Données de panelRésumé
La participation des femmes à la population active reste inférieure à celle des hommes, notamment dans les pays en développement (PED) et les régions comme l’Afrique du Nord ou l’Asie du Sud. Cette inégalité, persistante malgré la hausse des revenus, interroge son lien avec le développement économique et les facteurs explicatifs (culturels, religieux, structurels). L’étude vise à analyser cette relation, en testant si la faible intégration des femmes freine la croissance et si des variables comme la religion, les hydrocarbures ou l’éducation influencent leur participation.
Sur la base d’un panel de 91 PED (1990-2018), deux modèles économétriques sont utilisés. Le premier explique la part des femmes dans la population active par le PIB/habitant, l’affiliation religieuse, l’urbanisation, l’éducation et la part des hydrocarbures dans les exportations. Le deuxième modélise la croissance du PIB/habitant, incluant cette fois le taux d’activité féminin comme variable explicative, aux côtés d’indicateurs socioéconomiques et institutionnels.
Les régressions révèlent une relation en U entre participation féminine et PIB/habitant : elle diminue jusqu’à un seuil de 3 100 $, puis augmente. L’affiliation religieuse n’a pas d’impact significatif, contrairement aux hydrocarbures : une hausse de 1 % des exportations d’énergies fossiles réduit de 0,05 point la participation des femmes. En revanche, la croissance économique n’est pas affectée par le taux d’activité féminin dans les modèles testés.
Le développement économique seul ne suffit pas à réduire les inégalités de genre : des facteurs structurels (dépendance aux hydrocarbures) jouent un rôle clé. Les spécificités culturelles ou religieuses sont moins déterminantes que supposé. Enfin, la faible participation des femmes ne semble pas, en soi, freiner la croissance, ce qui interroge les mécanismes par lesquels l’égalité de genre favorise le développement. L’étude souligne la nécessité de politiques ciblées (diversification économique, éducation, lois égalitaires) pour renforcer l’autonomie économique des femmes.
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