Exploratory study of experience factors influencing attraction, satisfaction, and loyalty of escape room customers

Authors

  • Yasmine LEBBADI Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan, Morocco
  • Mostafa ABAKOUY Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tétouan, Morocco

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.23882/emss26273

Keywords:

experiential leisure, customer experience, escape room, attraction, satisfaction, loyalty

Abstract

Experiential leisure represents a particularly immersive and unique field of consumption (Holbrook & Hirschman, 1982). Consumers of such leisure activities are engaged in a complex quest for sensory stimulation, intense moments, thrills, emotionally charged memories, and more (Morgan, Lugosi & Ritchie, 2010). The escape room/game is a playful form of entertainment that adopts an original approach by immersing customers in an intriguing atmosphere (Ford & Millward, 2019). Despite the uniqueness and rapid growth of this form of leisure, very few academic studies have addressed it.

This article explores, through a purely experiential lens, the explanatory variables behind attraction, satisfaction, and loyalty in the context of escape games. It does so by developing a conceptual model based on a narrative literature review, and then validating it within an interpretivist framework through semi-structured interviews with escape room customers. This research not only aims to fill a significant gap in the academic literature but also to provide actionable insights for professionals seeking to better understand their customers through a customer journey or process-oriented approach.

References

Abou Shouk, M., Zouair, N., & Abdelhakim, A. (2024). The effect of immersive technologies on tourist satisfaction and loyalty. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.

Abrahams, Roger D. (1986). "Ordinary and Extraordinary Experience", dans the Anthropology of Experience.

Akaka, M. A., Schau, H. J., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2014). Value cocreation as service experience: A typology of service experience and customer value. Marketing Theory.

Akrimi, M. (2025). The influence of customer experience on satisfaction and loyalty among young adults in themed restaurants: An empirical approach using structural equation modeling. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science.

Arnould, E. J., & Price, L. L. (1993). "River Magic: Extraordinary Experience and the Extended Service Encounter." Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1).

Arnould, E. J., Price, L. L., & Zinkhan, G. M. (2002). Consumers. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Belliveau, P., Griffin, A., & Somermeyer, S. (Eds.). (2013). The PDMA toolbook 3 for new product development. John Wiley & Sons.

Borja de Mozota, B. (2010). Design management: Using design to build brand value and corporate innovation. Skyhorse Publishing.

Brakus, J. J., Schmitt, B. H., & Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand experience: What is it? How is it measured? Does it affect loyalty? Journal of Marketing.

Carù, A., & Cova, B. (2003). Approche empirique de l’immersion dans l’expérience de consommation : les opérations d’appropriation. Recherche et Applications en Marketing, 18(2).

Chen, C.-F., Lehto, X. Y., & Cai, L. A. (2016). Vacation involvement and place attachment: An exploratory study of role-playing experiences. Journal of Travel Research.

Cinotti, Y. (2007). Conceptualisation d’un loisir expérientiel. Communication présentée au Colloque international IPAG/NBUS, IPAG, Paris, France.

Clarke, T. (2016). Escape Games: Global trends in immersive entertainment. Leisure Studies.

Cong, X. (2008). Qualitative data analysis: Coding and categorization. International Journal of Social Research Methodology.

Cronin, J. J., & Hult, G. T. M. (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of Retailing,

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.

Derèze, A. (2011). Méthodologie de la recherche en sciences humaines et sociales. Bruxelles: De Boeck.

Dholakia, N., & Firat, A. F. (1998). Consuming People: From Political Economy to Theatres of Consumption. Routledge.

Dumez, H. (2016). L’analyse qualitative en sciences sociales. Bruxelles: De Boeck.

Firat, A. F., Dholakia, N., & Venkatesh, A. (1995). Marketing in a postmodern world. European Journal of Marketing.

Ford, J., & Millward, L. (2019). The role of digital technologies in the tourism industry: A framework for understanding and guiding innovations. Tourism Management.

Gentile, C., Spiller, N., & Noci, G. (2007). How to sustain the customer experience: An overview of experience components that co-create value with the customer. European Management Journal.

Gremler, D. D., & Gwinner, K. P. (2000). Customer-employee rapport in service relationships. Journal of Service Research.

Ha, L., & Cova, B. (2015). How experiential marketing creates and sustains brand identity. Journal of Consumer Behaviour.

Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996). Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations. Journal of Marketing.

Holbrook, M. B. (1994). The Nature of Customer Value: An Axiology of Services in the Consumption Experience. In R. T. Rust & R. L. Oliver (Eds.), Service Quality: New Directions in Theory and Practice (pp. 21-71). Sage Publications.

Holbrook, M. B., & Hirschman, E. C. (1982). The Experiential Aspects of Consumption: Consumer Fantasies, Feelings, and Fun. Journal of Consumer Research.

Hosany, S., & Gilbert, D. (2010). Measuring tourists’ emotional experiences toward hedonic holiday destinations. Journal of Travel Research.

Huang, R., Yang, Z., & Chen, L. (2021). Immersive experiences in tourism: A systematic review and research agenda. Tourism Management.

Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1993). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press.

Kim, J.-H., Ritchie, J. R. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research.

Ladhari, R., Souiden, N., & Dufour, B. (2017). The role of emotions in experiential marketing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services.

Lemon, K. N., & Verhoef, P. C. (2016). Understanding customer experience throughout the customer journey. Journal of Marketing.

Lin, I. Y., Chan, M., & Chang, S. (2017). Servicescape and customer satisfaction in immersive service environments. The Service Industries Journal.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2003). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Morgan, N., Lugosi, P., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2010). The tourism of the experience economy: An introduction. Annals of Tourism Research.

Novak, T., Hoffman, D., & Yung, Y. (2000). Measuring the customer experience in online environments: A structural modeling approach. Marketing Science.

Pansari, A., & Kumar, V. (2017). Customer engagement: The construct, antecedents, and consequences. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science.

Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Pedersen, P., Skallerud, K., & Muñiz, A. M. (2011). How memory influences loyalty behaviour. Journal of Consumer Behaviour.

Perret, J., & Guizon, R. (2012). L’analyse qualitative avec NVivo. Paris: Vuibert.

Petr, C. (2002). Le marketing expérientiel : Comprendre et gérer l’expérience client. Paris, France : Vuibert.

Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1998). "Welcome to the Experience Economy." Harvard Business Review.

Pine, B. J., II, & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The Experience Economy: Work Is Theatre & Every Business a Stage. Harvard Business Review Press.

Privette, G. (1983). Peak experience, peak performance, and flow: A comparative analysis of positive human experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Pullman, M. E., & Gross, M. A. (2004). Ability of experience design elements to elicit emotions and loyalty behaviours. Decision Sciences.

Rodríguez-Ardura, I., & Meseguer-Artola, A. (2017). Flow and satisfaction in the consumption of online content: A structural model. Journal of Business Research.

Santos do Carmo, I., Marques, S., & Dias, A. (2022). The influence of experiential marketing on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Journal of Promotion Management.

Schmitt, B. (1999). Experiential marketing. Journal of Marketing Management.

Schmitt, B. (2009). Experiential Marketing: How to Get Customers to Sense, Feel, Think, Act, Relate. New York, NY: Free Press.

Schmitt, B. (2011). Experience marketing: Concepts, frameworks and consumer insights. Foundations and Trends® in Marketing.

Sundbo, J., & Darmer, P. (2008). Creating experiences in the experience economy. New York, NY: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Taheri, B. (2016). Emotional connection, materialism, and religiosity: An Islamic tourism experience. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing.

Thompson, Craig J. (2000). "Postmodern Consumer Goals Made Easy", dans The Why of Consumption, édité par S. Ratneshwar, David Mick et C. Huffman, London: Routledge.

Tussyadiah, I., & Fesenmaier, D. (2009). Mediating tourist experiences: Access to places via shared videos. Annals of Tourism Research.

Van Kerrebroeck, H., Brengman, M., & Willems, K. (2017). When brands come to life: Experimental research on the vividness effect of virtual reality in transformational marketing communications. Virtual Reality.

Verhoef, P. C., Lemon, K. N., Parasuraman, A., Roggeveen, A., Tsiros, M., & Schlesinger, L. A. (2009). Customer experience creation: Determinants, dynamics and management strategies. Journal of Retailing.

Verschuere, B., De Schryver, M., & Meijer, E. (2023). Immersive leisure experiences and player engagement: The case of escape rooms. Leisure Studies.

Vitterso, J., Svendsen, G. B., Ferreira, J. A., Kyllonen, P., & Whittle, S. (2000). The concept of flow: A simple, empirically valid and fuzzy concept. Journal of Happiness Studies.

Voorhees, C. M., Fombelle, P. W., Grégoire, Y., Bone, S. A., Gustafsson, A., Sousa, R., & Walkowiak, T. (2017). Service encounters, experiences and the customer journey: Defining the field and a call to expand our lens. Journal of Business Research.

Walls, A., Okumus, F., Wang, Y., & Kwun, D. J. W. (2011). Understanding the consumer experience: An exploratory study of luxury hotels. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management.

Westbrook, R. A., & Oliver, R. L. (1991). The dimensionality of consumption emotion patterns and their relationship to satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Research.

Published

2026-04-06

How to Cite

LEBBADI, Y., & ABAKOUY, M. (2026). Exploratory study of experience factors influencing attraction, satisfaction, and loyalty of escape room customers. RMd • Economics, Management & Social Sciences, 3(1), 145–174. https://doi.org/10.23882/emss26273